In a speech overnight, Fed Governor Christopher Waller laid out two divergent scenarios for US tariff policy and their economic fallout.
The first scenario assumes high tariffs, near average 25% or more, and remain in place for an extended period. This reflects a structural shift toward domestic production and reduced trade dependence. The second scenario envisions a negotiated reduction in foreign trade barriers, which would lower the average tariff rate back to around 10%, closer to the levels anticipated earlier this year.
Waller warned that if the “high-tariff” regime holds, the US economy is likely to “slow to a crawl” with inflation rising to around 4% before retreating in 2026, assuming inflation expectations remain anchored. In this scenario, the unemployment rate could climb toward 5% next year as business investment weakens under higher costs and persistent uncertainty.
In contrast, if the current pause in reciprocal tariffs leads to meaningful progress in trade negotiations and the easing of barriers, Waller expects a milder economic impact. Under this “smaller tariff” path, the economy would continue to grow—albeit at a slower pace—while inflation would likely stay on a downward trend toward Fed’s 2% target. In such a case, he said, rate cuts could be warranted later this year as a “good news” policy move.
