Fed’s Beige Book report noted “slight to modest” increase in economic activity across various districts. Specifically, eight districts reported slight to modest growth, three observed no change, and one experienced slight softening in economic conditions.

In the realm of consumer spending, the report indicates slight downturn, especially concerning retail goods. This trend is attributed to a “heightened price sensitivity” among consumers, who are increasingly opting to trade down and shift their spending away from discretionary goods. Manufacturing activity remained “largely unchanged”, with disruptions in shipping through the Red Sea and Panama Canal reportedly having minimal overall impact.

The report also highlights persistent price pressures, although some districts observed moderation in inflation. Businesses are finding it increasingly difficult to pass higher costs onto customers, who are becoming more resistant to price increases. Labor market conditions have shown further signs of improvement, with nearly all districts reporting increased labor availability and enhanced employee retention.

Full Beige Book here.

In his semiannual Congressional testimony, Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s prepared remarks highlighted the necessity for Fed to await “greater confidence” in inflation’s sustainable movement towards 2 % target before considering any reduction in policy rates.

Powell acknowledged the policy rate is “likely at its peak” for the current cycle, and it’s appropriate for “dialing back policy restraint at some point this year.” However, he also stressed the “uncertain” economic outlook and noted that the path to 2% inflation is “not assured,”

The Fed Chair warned of the consequences of prematurely or excessively loosening policy, noting that such actions could jeopardize the progress made in inflation control, possibly necessitating “even tighter policy” in the future. Conversely, delaying or minimizing the reduction of policy restraint risks harming economic activity and employment.

Full remarks of Fed Powell here.

Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic emphasized the necessity of seeing “more progress” on inflation reduction before considering any rate cuts. He said overnight that the prosperity in the labor market and the economy, granting the FOMC the “luxury of making policy without the pressure of urgency.”

In terms of the pace of policy loosening once initiated, Bostic envisages a measured approach rather than “back to back” adjustments. The reaction of market participants, business leaders, and households to policy changes will critically influence the pace of rate cuts.

Highlighting ongoing inflation concerns, Bostic pointed out the continued price increases in a significant portion of goods and services at rates exceeding 5% annually. Moreover, a Dallas Fed measure indicated that underlying inflation remains slightly above Fed’s target at 2.6%, further complicating the path towards rate normalization.

Bostic also reflected on the feedback from business executives, noting a widespread strategy of holding back investments and hiring until more favorable conditions emerge. He warned of the “pent-up exuberance” that could result from a large-scale unleashing of this dormant capacity, introducing a new variable of upside risk to the economy.